Empirical Studies

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Psycho Empirical Studies

Psychodynamic:

McVicker Hunt (1974) — Interview, Case Studies, Longitudinal Studies

Found that childhood experiences are important

Disproved psychosexual stages

Motley (1979,1985,1987) — Freudian skips

1979- Slips would be cognitive (memory issues, short circuits etc.)

1985-87 — Freudian slips = unconscious

Proved that unconscious exists

Ochshe & Plug (1986) — Cross-cultural, longitudinal study

Validated Ericson’s psychosocial stages

Madi (1968) —

Validated Ego

Castration anxiety in males

Behaviorism:

Skinner (1948,1971)

1948-Skinner Box

Operational conditioning

Shaping, successful approximation

1971 — Shocky shocky on birds

Positive punishment

Classical conditioning

Aversive conditioning

Pavlov (1927) — Salivating Dogs

Classical conditioning

Bandura (1961,1968) — Bobo dolls

Cognitive element to behaviorism

Watson (1920) — Little Albert

Generalization

Classical condition


Humanism:

Grahm & Ballow (1973)

Stated Maslow is wrong w/ hierarchy of needs

Higher on the scale = less important

Scale needs a flipper-roo

Willaims & Page (1989) — Follwoer(s?) of Gestalt

Maslow hierarchy based on Gestalt

Validated hierarchy — came up by other independently?

Shostrom (196) — Person-related therapy

Validated self actualization

Wicker, Brown, Wiedge, Haggan, & Read (1993) Wicker (1993) for short.

Maslow’s arguments for self-actualized are one sided.

Questions methodology

Lower orders = higher orders?

Smith (1973) —

Maslowvalve are too one sided about self-actualized. Too subjective

Cognitive:


Key concept = theories used = _________underlying foundation

Basic assumptions = conscious/unconscious, stable/instable, rational/irrational, good/evil, opportunistic/pessimistic

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