| Term
| Date
| Description
|
| Alvaro Obregon
| 1920-1924
| Supported Carranza as a general, helped develop constitution. Retired to farming. Overthrew Carranza but didn't take power. Carranza murdered. Stepped down in 1924, ran again in 1928, winning but was assassinated in a restaurant.
|
| Article 123
| 1917
| Provides for labor rights
|
| Article 27
| 1917
| Proclaimed Mexican ownership of the soil (no foreign industry)
|
| Article 3
| 1917
| Severely undermined the educational control of the Catholic Church.
|
| Battle of Celaya
| 1915
| Obregon's forces (Carranza) versus Villa/Zapata. Villa on the offensive, was repelled by Obregon. Massive battle.
|
| Cientificos
|
| Diaz's social class of scientific thinkers - they thought up new ideas for him and were the elite in his reign.
|
| Constitution of 1917
| 1917
| Very progressive: social security, labor rights, land reform, no foreign owners of land, prevent dictator, no education from Catholic Church
|
| Creelman Interview
| 1908
| Porfirio Diaz agrees to an interview with American journalist Creelman in which he stated that Mexico was ready to have elections. Diaz would step down. He recanted this promise when Madero ran against him in the 1910 election, imprisoning Madero on election day.
|
| Diaz in Exile
| 1911
| As the revolution takes power, Diaz flees to Europe for exile.
|
| Ejidos
|
| Cooperative lands and farms under pesant control. The result of land reform.
|
| El Porfiriato
| 1876-1911
| Porfirio Diaz is dictator with the motto of Order and Progress. He makes significant infrastructure advancements and some economic ones, but the majority of the people are still under debt peonage with no rights.
|
| Emiliano Zapata
| 1910-1919
| Legendary poor hero from Morelos; advocated massive land reform and workers' rights. He wrote the Plan de Ayala, a plan to redistribute land reform and workers' rights. He is executed in 1919 by Carranza.
|
| Francisco Madero
|
| Advocated democracy, was the first to run against Diaz in 1910 but was imprisoned on election day. Fled to U.S. and wrote Plan de San Luis Potosi outlining a revolution and democracy for Mexico.
|
| Gendarmeria, Rurales and Federales
| 1876-1911
| Diaz's police forces - the gendarmeria were modeled after the French and were in Mexico City; the rurales patrolled the rural areas of the country (most of it); federales patrolled central few states.
|
| General Victoriano Huerta
| 1911-1914
| Originally an officer for Madero, he allies himself with Zapata. He then alignes himself to throw out Madero. He arrests Madero in 1913 and provides for his execution. Huerta goes back to Diaz's system. In 1914 he flees for Europe in the face of a revolt.
|
| Haciendas
|
| A system of debt peonage for the mestizos and indians
|
| Henry Lane Wilson
|
| Secretly supported General Huerta's forces against Madero. Taft also supports Huerta, but when Wilson comes to power, that support is removed.
|
| Lazaro Cardenas
| 1934-1940
| Finally implemented the Constitution of 1917.
|
| Occupation of Veracruz
| 1914
| The US invades and occupies Veracruz in response to the Tampico incident. This is credited as the cause of Anti-American sentiment in Latin America.
|
| Pancho Villa
| 1910-1923
| He first fought as an outlaw on the side of Madero, was sentenced to death under Huerta (fled to US), then fought a revolution against Huerta and Carranza. He attacked a small town in the US in 1916, spurring the Punitive Expedition. He retired in 1920 and was murdered in 1923.
|
| PEMEX
| 1938
| The nationalized oil company of Mexico, originally made up of old American oil refineries that were taken by the Mexican government.
|
| Plan de Ayala
|
| Written by Zapata. Focused on land reform (redistribution) and labor rights.
|
| Plan de San Luis Potosi
| 1910
| Written by Madero in U.S. Calls for revolution Nov. 20, 1910. "Effective suffrage, no reelection."
|
| PRI
| 1929
| Institutional Revolutionary Party created after the Revolution. All elected officials until 1989 were from its ranks. It is characterized by corruption and some argue a lack of democracy in Mexico.
|
| Punitive Expedition
| 1916
| In response to the attack on Columbus, NM by Villa, a punitive expedition was launched to track him down and kill him. For a year they searched northern Mexico, but it was unsuccessful due to villagers' support for Villa and Villa's knowledge of the terrain.
|
| Tampico incident
| 1914
| The sailors of the USS Dolphin land in the restricted area of Tampico and are arrested. Madero refuses to make a formal apology for the arrests.
|
| Tragic Ten Days
| Feb. 1913
| In Mexico City, major fighting and destruction. Madero is killed afterward.
|
| Venustiano Carranza
| 1910-1920
| An original supporter of Madero. Held an office in Madero's cabinet. After Huerta's coup, he led the opposition and became president in 1915. He implemented land reform and decentralization of power. Wrote the 1917 Constitution but refused to enforce it. He was forced to flee Mexico City in 1920, but didn't make it and was murdered on the way to Veracruz.
|
| Worker Strikes
| 1906
| Mine and textile workers strike for rights; put down by Diaz's troops and Arizona rangers called by him.
|
| Zimmerman Telegram
| 1917
| An intercepted message sent to Mexico from Germany inviting them to become an axis power, or at least a trading partner. This became a reason for the U.S. to invade Mexico and oversee the revolution or the end of it.
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